Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₆H₅NO₂. It consists of a benzene ring (C₆H₆) attached to a nitro group (-NO₂). Nitrobenzene is a yellow oily liquid with a distinctive, almond-like odor, which is often associated with its toxicity. Nitrobenzene is not highly soluble in water but dissolves well in organic solvents. It is widely used in industry, primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of various chemicals.
Properties of Nitrobenzene:
- Molecular Formula: C₆H₅NO₂
- Molar Mass: 123.11 g/mol
- CAS Number: 98-95-3
- Functional Group: Nitro group (-NO₂) attached to a benzene ring.
- Reactivity:
- Nitrobenzene undergoes reduction reactions to form aniline (C₆H₅NH₂), which is a key industrial process.
- It is relatively stable compared to other nitro compounds, but can undergo reduction by catalytic hydrogenation or through chemical agents to produce amines.
- Electrophilic substitution reactions are common with nitrobenzene, making it reactive in the presence of reducing agents and electrophiles.
- Nitrobenzene is resistant to oxidation under normal conditions but may react with strong oxidizing agents.
- Appearance: Yellow to brown oily liquid at room temperature.
- Odor: A sweet, almond-like odor, which is highly characteristic of nitro compounds.
- Density: 1.20 g/cm³ at 20°C.
- Melting Point: 5.7°C (42.3°F).
- Boiling Point: 210°C (410°F).
- Solubility:
- Low solubility in water (~0.04 g/100 mL at 25°C), but highly soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ether, toluene, and benzene.
- Vapor Pressure: Low vapor pressure (around 0.1 mmHg at 20°C).
- Viscosity: Nitrobenzene is a viscous liquid compared to water and other low-viscosity organic solvents.
Uses of Nitrobenzene:
- Aniline Production: Nitrobenzene is hydrogenated to produce aniline, a key intermediate for dyes and other chemicals.
- Solvent: Used as a solvent in chemical processes.
- Lubricants: Used in the formulation of lubricants and motor oils.