Glacial Acetic Acid (GAA) refers to pure, anhydrous acetic acid, a colorless liquid that has a strong, pungent odor. It is called “glacial” because, at low temperatures (below 16.7°C or 62°F), it solidifies into ice-like crystals, giving it the appearance of a “glacier,” hence the name. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is a carboxylic acid and one of the simplest organic acids, playing a critical role in various chemical, industrial, and biological processes. Glacial acetic acid is concentrated acetic acid and is often used as a solvent, chemical reagent, or precursor in manufacturing processes.
Properties of Glacial Acetic Acid:
- Molecular Formula: CH₃COOH
- Molar Mass: 60.05 g/mol
- Appearance: Colorless liquid, can appear slightly cloudy or crystalline at low temperatures
- Odor: Strong, pungent odor (vinegar-like)
- Density: 1.049 g/cm³ (at 20°C)
- Melting Point: 16.7°C (62.1°F) (the temperature at which it solidifies into crystals)
- Boiling Point: 118.1°C (244.6°F)
- Viscosity: Relatively high viscosity compared to water, around 1.2 cP at 20°C
- pH: 2.4 for a 1% solution in water, which makes it a strong acid
Key Uses of Weak Acetic Acid:
- Chemical Manufacturing: Essential for producing acetic anhydride, acetate esters, and other chemicals
- Food Industry: Vinegar is diluted acetic acid, used in food preservation and flavoring
- Textiles: Used in the production of acetate fibers
- Pharmaceuticals: As a solvent for various drugs and as a precursor to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Cleaning: Acts as a natural and effective cleaner and deodorizer