N-Butanol (Normal Butanol), often abbreviated as n-Butanol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C₄H₉OH. It is the simplest of the butanol isomers (which also include iso-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol) and is characterized by a straight-chain structure, as opposed to the branched configurations of its isomers. N-Butanol is a colorless, flammable liquid with a slightly sweet odor and is miscible with water, ethanol, and most organic solvents. It is primarily used as a solvent and in the production of chemicals and plastics. It is produced from petroleum and bio-based sources.
Properties of N-Butanol:
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₉OH
- IUPAC Name: Butan-1-ol
- Boiling Point: 117.7°C (244°F)
- Melting Point: -89.5°C (-129.1°F)
- Density: 0.810 g/cm³ at 20°C
- Flash Point: 35°C (95°F) – flammable
- Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. Partially soluble in chloroform and benzene.
Key Uses of N-Butanol:
Solvent:
N-Butanol is a versatile solvent used in paints, lacquers, coatings, varnishes, and adhesives. It is used in the formulation of inks and dyes due to its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar substances.
Chemical Intermediate:
Butyl esters (such as butyl acetate and butyl acrylate) are made from n-butanol. These esters are used in paints, coatings, and plastics. It is also used to produce plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other synthetic rubbers.
Fuel Additive:
N-Butanol is sometimes used as a fuel additive due to its higher energy content compared to ethanol. It is also explored as a biofuel, as butanol has better fuel properties than ethanol, such as higher energy density.
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care:
Used as a solvent in medications, topical creams, and cosmetics. It is also used in the manufacture of toothpaste and shaving creams.
Cleaning and Degreasing:
N-Butanol is used in cleaning agents, degreasers, and the removal of grease from mechanical parts and surfaces.